Switzerland by a narrow margin of victory voted to ban facial coverings, popular with muslim women and called burqa.
The referendum on Sunday was instigated by the same far right group that organised a 2009 ban on new minarets.
The measure to amend the Swiss constitution passed by a 51.2-48.8% margin, provisional official results showed.
The proposal under the Swiss system of direct democracy does not mention Islam directly and also aims to stop violent street protesters from wearing masks, yet local politicians, media and campaigners have dubbed it the burqa ban.
In Switzerland, our tradition is that you show your face.That is a sign of our basic freedoms, Facial covering is a symbol for extreme political Islam which has become increasingly prominent in Europe and which has no place in Switzerland Walter Wobmann, chairman of the referendum committee and a member of parliament for the Swiss People’s Party, said before the vote.
Muslim groups condemned the vote and said they would challenge it.
France banned wearing a full face veil in public in 2011 and Denmark, Austria, the Netherlands and Bulgaria have full or partial bans on wearing face coverings in public.
Two Swiss cantons already have local bans on face coverings, although almost no one in Switzerland wears a burqa and only around 30 women wear the niqab, the University of Lucerne estimates
Muslims make up 5% of the Swiss population of 8.6 million people, most with roots in Turkey, Bosnia and Kosovo.
The government had urged people to vote against a ban.
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